Saturday, March 1·10:00am – 1:00pm
Santa Rosa, CA, USA
https://www.instagram.com/positiveimages?igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== Join Positive Images and North Bay LGBTQI Families for our monthly family friendly get together. Each month we explore a different place in Sonoma County so check back often to see where we will be this month!
Positive Images, 200 Montgomery Dr c, Santa Rosa, CA 95404, USA
Join us for art activities at our first hang out of 2023! Materials and snacks provided! This group is BIPOC only and will be happening the 1st Monday of every month. It is meant to be a social hangout space for Black, Indigenous, Queer, and Trans people of color (18+). Se habla español! For questions please reach out to marian@posimages.org
In the face of anti-trans legislation sweeping the country over the past four years, California stepped up to protect trans people and in particular trans youth. In 2022, the state became the first in the nation to create a sanctuary for transgender youth seeking gender-affirming medical care.
But with President Donald Trump issuing an anti-trans executive order on his first day in office, California will need to bolster its legal efforts to protect these vulnerable youths further. Nowhere is that protection more lacking than for intersex kids at birth and in early childhood.
Intersex children are born with chromosomes, gonads, hormone function or internal or external sex organs that don’t match typical social expectations of males or females. Since the 1960s, doctors in the U.S. and around the world have routinely performed surgery to standardize the bodies of infants and children so that they are aligned with social gender norms. The protocol was developed largely on the unproven recommendations of a single psychologist and has been carried out countless times since on intersex children long before they are old enough to decide for themselves whether they want the procedures.
These irreversible nonconsensual surgeries are medically unnecessary to perform at such a young age, and as research has shown, carry a significant risk of trauma and other forms of lifelong harm, including a loss of sexual function, incontinence, chronic pain, scarring and early-onset osteoporosis. As a 2017 paper by three former U.S. surgeons general concluded, “In short, surgeries whose purpose is to ensure physical and psychological health too often lead to the opposite result.” In the waning days of the Biden administration, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services acknowledged as much, publishing a landmark report on intersex health equity that called for an end to the practice. However, given Trump’s declaration that there are only two genders, it’s unlikely there will be any federal protections against the practice.
Once again, California and the Bay Area have a chance to lead.
The Bay Area has an important place in the history of intersex activism in the United States. This includes when Bo Laurent founded the Intersex Society of North America in Sonoma County in 1993, receiving letters from people across the country who had experienced medical trauma and wanted to get to the root of the truth about their bodies and their lives.
In 2005, the San Francisco Human Rights Commission conducted an investigation and hearing on intersex issues, concluding that “ ‘normalizing’ interventions done without the patient’s informed consent are inherent human rights abuses.” This report resonated worldwide.
At a state level, the California Legislature passed a resolution in 2018 introduced by state Sen. Scott Wiener that recognized the intersex community and the human rights violations they endure. California’s state Legislature became the first in the U.S. officially acknowledged the harm that intersex people suffered at the hands of the medical system. Yet, even a nonbinding resolution — simply recognizing these surgeries as part of the intersex community’s struggle — was an uphill battle for Wiener. Surgeons from across California traveled to Sacramento to testify against the resolution while making egregious claims, like asserting that removing a child’s clitoris helps them become a “functioning member of society.”
So what else can be done to protect these children?
Currently, no hospitals in California have publicly committed to stopping medically unnecessary nonconsensual surgeries on intersex children. It doesn’t have to be this way. Children’s hospitals in Chicago and Boston have pledged to stop the surgeries. The New York City public hospital system banned performing unnecessary or “medically premature” operations before the patient can decide — offering a model for how California hospitals, and especially those in the Bay Area, could support intersex justice.
The good news is that California has taken some positive steps. In 2017, Gov. Jerry Brown signed a bill that introduced a third option on birth certificates. It mandated that any Californian could change their legal gender without undergoing medical procedures or verification.
But if our hospitals are still carrying out these procedures on infants and children who are unable to have their say in what is done to their bodies, having a third option on a state document after a doctor has already altered body parts, doesn’t really solve the core problem.
Globally, the momentum to end these nonconsensual surgeries is surging. Over 50 evaluations by United Nations human rights treaty bodies in different countries have concluded that nonconsensual surgeries to alter the sex characteristics of people born with intersex traits are human rights violations. Parts of Australia and India, and some countries, including Malta, Greece and Spain have passed bans on nonconsensual surgeries, while the U.N. Human Rights Council passed its first resolution on the issue last year. A growing list of medical associations and experts have spoken in favor of ending nonconsensual surgeries.
The U.S. intersex rights movement has made enormous progress, from a grassroots start in the Bay Area to influencing federal policy. California has protected marginalized youth in many ways. But until the hospitals end these harmful practices on intersex children, the fight is far from over.
| Immigrants here in the wine country have been on edge ever since Donald Trump was elected president in November, given his campaign promises to deport everyone in the U.S. who hasn’t been able to obtain legal residency status. But it wasn’t until a surprise federal immigration raid down in Bakersfield on Jan. 7 — one day after the election results were certified, but two weeks before Trump’s actual inauguration — that the panic wheel really started spinning. CalMatters reported that Border Patrol officers took local farmworkers by surprise that day, showing up to businesses where they’re known to hang out. “They were stopping cars at random, asking people for papers,” a spokesperson for the United Farm Workers labor union told the news outlet. “They were going to gas stations and Home Depot where day laborers gather. It’s provoking intense anxiety and a lot of fear in the community.” More from the story: On social media, Gregory K. Bovino, the Border Patrol chief in El Centro, called the sweeps “Operation Return to Sender.” “We are taking it to the bad people and bad things in Bakersfield,” the El Centro Border Patrol said in response to a comment on its Facebook page. “We are planning operations for other locals [sic] such as Fresno and especially Sacramento.” In the end, at least 78 people were arrested during the three-day Kern County raid, according to the Border Patrol division responsible for the raid. And while that immigrant roundup was real, it has set off a chain of false rumors about additional roundups across the state — including here in the North Bay. According to multiple local organizations tracking this panicked phone tree, there have since been false reports of immigration raids at the Home Depot locations in Santa Rosa and Rohnert Park, as well as the Foodmaxx in Santa Rosa’s Roseland neighborhood and Manzanita Elementary on the east side of town. More from the PD: Vikki DuRee, lead dispatcher at the 24-hour hotline run by the North Bay Rapid Response Network, said she’s been extremely busy over the past two weeks taking calls from worried residents. “I haven’t kept a tally today, but we’re getting about 25 calls a day right now, mostly people who are worried about rumors that they’re seeing on social media and anecdotally in the community,” DuRee said Thursday afternoon. For one person, all it took was a Trump sticker on a black Escalade to spark fear that immigration officers were on the road, she said. “People who call with a rumor, they’re frightened that either they or people they care about are at risk,” she said. This rapid response network mentioned by the PD is an arm of the North Bay Organizing Project, a Santa Rosa-based organization that has come to the forefront since Trump’s election. Org leaders have been posting all sorts of information for immigrants — as well as tips to avoid spreading fake news of raids — to their Facebook and Instagram pages. They’re also encouraging people who think they notice signs of la migra to reach out to their hotline first (at 707-800-4544), so they can verify the info before blasting it wide. “Together we can transform our fear and anxiety into power and action!” they say. If you want to volunteer to join the North Bay Rapid Response Network and help with this work, you can apply online. Here in Healdsburg, another well-known local nonprofit called Corazón Healdsburg is leading the charge on arming immigrants with critical info. Org leaders told me recently that me they’ve been handling raid rumors on an almost daily basis. So on Jan. 16, “our dedicated staff and volunteers… knocked on 712 doors in Windsor, Healdsburg, Geyserville and Cloverdale,” the org said on social media. Door-knockers were handing outlittle red and yellow cards with simple instructions about what to do if you encounter immigration officials. “Knowledge is power,” Corazón says. “Our goal is not to spread fear, but to empower our community. By staying informed and united, we can create a network of support and resilience.” |
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| The red and yellow cards that Corazón Healdsburg staffers have been passing out around town. (Photos: Corazón Healdsburg via Instagram) |
| Still, the thought of what actual local immigration raids would mean for community and industry here in the North Bay are haunting us all right now — some more than others, of course. School officials are worried that the children of immigrants will stop coming to class, especially now that Trump has reportedly “put an end to a longstanding policy that restricted federal agents from making immigration arrests at sensitive locations like churches, hospitals and schools.” And much like in Kern County, where farm owners said immigrants didn’t show up to work after last month’s raid, wine-industry bosses in our area — who are already fighting an uphill battle against the sober movement, and dealing with labor shortages as it is — say they’re not sure their businesses would survive if something similar happened here. A recent headline in the Daily Mail reads: “Upscale Napa Valley wineries fear Trump’s migrant raids could finish them.” Other local food and hospitality businesses — and consumer prices — would feel the burn too, naturally. (Rolando Herrera, who owns Mi Sueño Winery in St. Helena with his wife Lorena, tells the PD: “If this administration really wants to ‘make America great again,’ they should put a program together that registers these important workers and gives them a temporary work permit. That’s what they really want.”) A long list of local government agencies and police departments across Sonoma and Napa counties have vowed they won’t enforce Trump’s calls for mass deportation. Still, many activists have been urging police and politicians to go even further by explicitly cutting off all ties with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and declaring Sonoma County an official “sanctuary county” for undocumented immigrants. And although county leaders have issued some strong statements of their own in support of immigrants, they’ve stopped short of using the word “sanctuary,” the Press Democrat reports — partly because that might put “a target on Sonoma County, doing more harm than good.” And as the San Francisco Chronicle points out, none of these declarations are enough to “stop federal bodies like the U.S. Border Patrol from conducting raids.” In the meantime, looks like we’ll have to rely on local networks of concerned civilians to keep each other safe. In the words of Corazón Healdsburg: “Help us build trust in our community, spread knowledge and empower families.” You can follow them and the North Bay Rapid Response Network on Facebook for ways to get involved. |
LGBTQ activists in New Jersey say they’re fortunate to live in New Jersey as the new administration kicks-off its term by attacking the transgender community and diversity initiatives. Advocates at Garden State Equality say New Jersey sets a standard for legal equality that can inspire states throughout the country.
As part of its education and advocacy “Going Local” programming across the country, the GLAAD Media Institute (GMI) – GLAAD’s training, research and consulting division – convened meetings with local leaders and community advocates at Garden State Equality and throughout the nation. Attendees who complete a program or session with the GLAAD Media Institute are immediately deemed GLAAD Media Institute Alumni, who are equipped to maximize community impact by leveraging their own story for culture change.
The state is known for its tough pro-equality laws like New Jersey Law Against Discrimination (LAD), which is considered one of the most comprehensive anti-discrimination laws in the country. Yet, new laws in the state legislature help combat a rise of LGBTQ disinformation and hate speech, straight out of Project 2025. The anti-LGBTQ hate machine has affected dozens of Jersey school board’s policies on book bans, critical race theory, and sex education.
Since Garden State Equality’s founding in 2004, over “230 LGBTQ civil rights laws” have been enacted at the state, county, and local levels. According to the organization’s website, that’s “more laws in less time than in any other state in American history.”
On a federal level, President Trump began his second term signing executive orders to dispute the fact that transgender and gender diverse people exist. On Trump’s first days in office he signed an executive order titled Defending Women From Gender Ideology Extremism and Restoring Biological Truth to the Federal Government. The order is used to delegitimize trans truth, history, and science, which promptly raised concerns over a federal ban of the “x” gender marker for people of nonbinary, trans or gender nonconforming experience in the United States.
“As of today, it will henceforth be the official policy of the United States government that there are only two genders, male and female,” President Trump incorrectly said upon signing the order.
Garden State Equality says they’re ready to resist these efforts by the current administration, and continue to encourage diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) programs, while uplifting best practices for LGBTQ youth and adult community members as they have within their state government, says advocates.
“We want our youth to understand that they don’t just live in a bubble here in New Jersey, that the work that they are doing to be activists here in our state is going to influence other states and other students across the nation,” Natalie Hernandez told GLAAD.
Hernandez is the Camp Director of Garden State Equality’s Changemakers Youth Leadership summer program. Empowering youth leaders helps inform the work of other departments and so forth, it’s a collaborative effort to fight for legal equality for the state organization.
Hime Sarah Thomas, project manager and trainer with the Education and Youth Development Department, grew up in a queer family who introduced Thomas to Garden State Equality through the Changemakers Youth Leadership summer program. Thomas works to encourage youth to become “changemakers” by giving them an outlet to express their frustrations, and amplify their voices.
https://www.tiktok.com/embed/v2/7460901956140289323?lang=en-US&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fglaad.org%2Fnew-jersey-lgbtq-advocates-from-garden-state-equality-say-theyll-continue-to-pushback-with-facts%2F
Only a small number of youth actually transition: less than one-tenth of one percent of teenagers with private insurance in the United States are transgender and receive gender-related medicine, according to a study by JAMA Pediatrics.
“These youth need a space where they can talk about all the things that are happening in the news and the world because they don’t have the autonomy to be able to vote and make those choices on who is representing them,” Thomas said.
For Aisling MacDonald, a project manager for the organization’s Training and Trans Resiliency Program, which advocates for the wellness of transgender and gender nonconforming adults and families moving into New Jersey for their LGBTQ protections.
“Our world is ever evolving. There are some very legitimate anxieties, and also… we are really, really fortunate to live here,” MacDonald said.
MacDonald spends much of her day building coalition relationships and legal resources for name changes and documents for trans people who have been under attack on social media, through legislation, and the news.
“My experience as a woman of trans experience who is from some very particular demographics, and a very particular flavor of multiple marginalizations, is that we do not have a lot of trust for systems, institutions and legislators, especially,” MacDonald said. “And I think more than anything else in 2025 we have an opportunity to build a different kind of community.”
These insights into the LGBTQ community of Asbury Park lead into a larger narrative about community needs in New Jersey and beyond. Even still, Garden State Equality recognizes that there are hurdles that must still be overcome.
More about the GLAAD Media Institute: The GLAAD Media Institute provides training, consultation, and actionable research to develop an army of social justice ambassadors for all marginalized communities to champion acceptance and amplify media impact. Using the best practices, tools, and techniques we’ve perfected over the past 30 years, the GLAAD Media Institute turns education into armor for today’s culture war—transforming individuals into compelling storytellers, media-savvy navigators, and mighty ambassadors whose voices break through the noise and incite real change. Activate with the GLAAD Media Institute now at glaad.org/institute
France is set to introduce lessons in gender equality and consent into the curriculum for children as young as four years old in both public and private schools.
French Education Minister Elisabeth Borne is launching a new plan to transform the sex education syllabus in schools in a bid to tackle sexual violence and violence against women and girls.
The former prime minister told broadcaster France Inter: “Education about love, about relationships and sexuality is absolutely essential.”
The new syllabus is set to be rolled out after the summer holidays and will implement three sex education sessions per year for primary, middle and secondary schools.
It will include age-appropriate discussions around gender identity and biological sex for children as young as four, as per Hear Her Stories. The outlet reports that four-year-olds will be learning “the scientific terms for genitalia and explore concepts of equality and consent”.
Borne confirmed that the programme’s content would be “adjusted to the age and maturity of pupils” though, as they will include “role-play scenarios, such as asking, ‘Can I hold your hand?’ to teach that it’s acceptable to say ‘no’.”
“The programme is very careful to provide quality information that is adapted to a pupil’s age,” Borne added.
For children aged 13, they will be introduced to the “distinctions between biological sex, gender, and sexual orientation,” to develop a greater understanding of such concepts.
By age 14, students will explore “the complex reality of sexuality, discussing its facets of pleasure, love and reproduction”. By 16 years of age, lessons will be held around “biological differences between men and women” and how that doesn’t affect the self-expression, behaviour and roles people take.
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The new programme mentions that sex education in school will not “take the place of pupils’ parents and families”, and has been submitted for approval to France’s Higher Education Council.
Hate crime laws create additional or enhanced penalties for crimes committed with bias toward particular characteristics, such as race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or gender identity. As shown on separate maps, some state laws also require data collection about hate crimes and training for law enforcement about hate crimes.
The federal Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act allows the federal government to prosecute hate crimes, including those based on sexual orientation and gender identity. State laws may also allow for state or local prosecution of certain hate crimes, depending on what, if any, protections the state law offers.
*Notes:
–Rhode Island’s data collection law includes both sexual orientation and gender identity, but its actual hate crime statute includes only sexual orientation. Click “Citations & More Information” beneath the map legend for more detail.
–Tennessee state law explicitly enumerates sexual orientation, but not gender identity. However, the law does enumerate “gender,” and the state attorney general affirms that this means transgender people are also protected.
–Both Arkansas and Indiana have laws that are sometimes mischaracterized as hate crime laws. However, the laws in these two states are written so broadly that they could be applied to virtually any circumstance, which is at odds which both the structure and purpose of hate crime law. For more information, click the “Read the State-by-State Statutes” button, or read MAP’s July 2021 report on hate crime laws linked below.
The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act amended federal hate crime law to include gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, and disability. State hate crime laws are still important, because not all crimes may fall under federal jurisdiction.
Read MAP’s report Policy Spotlight: Hate Crime Laws (July 2021) for more analysis of the many dimensions of state hate crime laws, the complex patchwork across states, the limitations of hate crime laws, and the potential opportunities for expanding social and policy responses to hate violence.
Recommended citation:
Movement Advancement Project. “Equality Maps: Hate Crime Laws.” https://www.mapresearch.org/equality-maps/hate_crime_laws. Accessed 02/10/2025.
*Note: These percentages reflect estimates of the LGBTQ adult population living in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Estimates of the LGBTQ adult population in the five inhabited U.S. territories are not available, and so cannot be reflected here.
54%
54 % of LGBTQ population lives in states that have hate crime laws covering sexual orientation and gender identity
24%
24 % of LGBTQ population lives in states that have hate crime laws covering sexual orientation
2%
2 % of LGBTQ population lives in states which explicitly interpret existing hate crimes law to include sexual orientation and/or gender identity
16%
16 % of LGBTQ population lives in states with laws that do not cover sexual orientation or gender identity
4%
4 % of LGBTQ population lives in states with no hate crime laws
Sunday, February 23·3:00 – 5:00pm
http://www.thebillys.org/events/
for Billys and Billykin of all genders
Please join us on the virtual porch for our regular Sunday Afternoon Delight to see where the Mystery takes our conversation. Drop in for a few moments or stay the whole time, whatever works for you. If the conversation on the porch doesn’t draw you in, feel free to wander off to a breakout room with a friend and talk about whatever you’d like.
Are you interested in a more focussed discussion? We offer you the opportunity to create your own themed breakout room. If you’d like to host one in the future, please let us know and we’ll be happy to schedule and promote it for you.
Are you interested in a more focussed discussion? We offer you the opportunity to create your own themed breakout room. If you’d like to host one in the future, please let us know and we’ll be happy to schedule and promote it for you.
Phat Huynh: kbj0888@att.net
Bob Russell: bobrussell43@gmail.com
If you are new to The Billys, please be our guest the first couple times you join us at an online Heart Circle or Sunday Afternoon Delight. If you regularly attend any of these, they will remain free for all who need them to be,though as you are able please strongly consider supporting these by donating to our General Fund.
In a time of unprecedented challenges for LGBTQ+ families, Family Equality, the national nonprofit dedicated to advancing equality for LGBTQ+ families, has announced the appointment of Darra Gordon as its new CEO. With over two decades of experience in nonprofit leadership, Gordon steps into the role with a clear mission: to build a stronger, more resilient, and more impactful organization that can protect, celebrate, and support LGBTQ+ families nationwide.
For Gordon, this role is more than just a career move. “Family Equality’s mission is so deeply personal to me,” she told The Advocate. “I’m a proud member of the community. My wife and I are raising three children, and our oldest is nonbinary. The work we do at Family Equality is not just professional. It’s about protecting and uplifting families like mine.”
This personal connection fuels her unwavering commitment to the organization’s mission. Having served as the deputy president and CEO at GLAAD, Gordon played a critical role in the organization’s growth, overseeing operations, development, and strategic planning.
Her tenure saw GLAAD more than triple its operating budget and fundraising goals, a testament to her ability to build sustainable, high-impact organizations. Before that, she spent 15 years at the Hetrick-Martin Institute, another LGBTQ+ group where she led efforts that expanded the organization nationally and dramatically increased its budget.
Gordon assumes leadership at Family Equality at a crucial juncture. With LGBTQ+ families facing increasing legislative and social challenges, she recognizes the urgent need for bold, strategic action.
“This moment is pivotal,” she said. “The attacks on our rights, the barriers to basic safety and inclusion. They are horrific. But we are addressing this head-on. Family Equality is uniquely positioned to lead in this moment, and I am committed to ensuring we rise to meet these challenges.”
One of Gordon’s first priorities will be to develop and execute a comprehensive strategy that strengthens Family Equality’s impact. “We need resilience and vision,” she emphasized. “We will focus on advocacy, services, and visibility, especially for our most marginalized community members. Our work must be sustainable, and we need to reach further than ever before.”
A cornerstone of Gordon’s leadership will be fostering partnerships and coalitions that amplify Family Equality’s reach and effectiveness. “We are stronger together,” she asserted. “One of my key priorities is building coalitions that can drive real change. Advocacy for policies and protections at both the federal and state levels is essential, and we will work tirelessly to ensure LGBTQ+ families can thrive.”
As she prepares to take the helm on March 3, Gordon is already setting a clear and determined course for the future.
“Stepping in to lead Family Equality wasn’t a choice for me. It’s a calling,” she said. “I wake up every day thinking about protecting my family. Family is fundamental to who we are. This work is not just about fighting against discrimination; it’s about building a world where every LGBTQ+ family is seen, valued, and empowered.”
Her message to families, allies, and supporters is one of hope and determination.
“This is a vulnerable time for our community, but it is also a time of incredible possibility. Family is a great uniter. Together, we will ensure Family Equality remains strong, steadfast, and impactful for generations to come.”
Tuesday, February 25, 2025 at 12:00 pm – 1:00 pm Pacific Time | 3:00 pm – 4:00 pm Eastern Time
Zoom Webinar
Duration: 1 hour Cost: Free
Program Description:
Join the National Immigration Project for a free webinar for community defenders, advocates, and impacted community members to go over the process of expedited removal and how to best prepare for it. Expedited removal is a fast-track process used by U.S. immigration authorities to quickly deport people. There have been recent changes to expedited removal that community members should be aware of. We’ll go over the basics of expedited removal and what changes have been made, walk through the process, explain your rights in this context, and offer practical tips for preparation. Whether you are directly working with community members who may be impacted or simply seeking more information, this training will provide valuable tools to help navigate this complex and overwhelming process.
We will have simultaneous interpretation in Spanish during this webinar.
Who should attend this program?
This training is primarily designed for people who are not lawyers, including community members and organizers working with immigrant communities.
If you are an attorney, please visit our event page to learn about our upcoming trainings for attorneys and other legal workers.
Capacitación para defensores comunitaries:
Desenmascarando la Deportación Acelerada: Lo Que Necesites Saber para Defenderte
martes 25 de febrero de 2025 a las 12:00 de la tarde hasta las 1:00 de la tarde hora del pacífico | 3:00 de la tarde hasta 4:00 de la tarde hora este
Zoom Webinar
Duración: 1 hora Costo: Gratis
Descripción del programa:
Únete a un seminario web gratuito del Proyecto Nacional de Inmigración dirigido a defensores comunitaries, activistas, y miembres de comunidades afectadas para repasar el proceso de deportación acelerada y cómo prepararte mejor para enfrentarlo. La deportación acelerada es un proceso rápido que las autoridades migratorias de los Estados Unidos utilizan para deportar a personas de manera inmediata. Recientemente, se han realizado cambios en este proceso que las comunidades deben conocer. Revisaremos los conceptos básicos de la deportación acelerada, los cambios recientes, el paso a paso del proceso, tus derechos en este contexto, y ofreceremos consejos prácticos para estar preparade. Ya sea que trabajes directamente con miembres de la comunidad que puedan verse afectades o que simplemente busques más información, este entrenamiento te proporcionará herramientas valiosas para navegar este proceso complejo y abrumador.
Tendremos interpretación simultánea en español durante la sesión.
¿Quién debe asistir a esta sesión?
Esta capacitación está diseñado principalmente para personas que no son abogades, incluyendo miembres de la comunidad y organizadores que trabajan con comunidades inmigrantes.
Si usted es un abogado, por favor visite nuestra página web de eventos para saber de nuestras próximas capacitaciones para abogados y otros trabajadores legales.